四、市场经济发展存在双重驱动力
IV. There Are Dual Drives for the Development of Market Economy

笔者认为，一个完整的市场体系，一定包括供给端和需求端两个对立统一的基本方面。

供给端主要解决增量与结构性问题、寻价与定价问题；需求端主要解决存量与规模问题、公平与竞争问题。

区域供给端的主要行为主体是区域政府；区域需求端的主要行为主体是企业和个人。

财政政策的功能作用主要体现在供给端；货币政策的功能作用主要体现在需求端。

我们可以先来分析一下企业竞争的目标函数、指标函数与企业资源配置效率。企业竞争的目标函数是价格决定机制；企业竞争的指标函数是企业竞争力决定机制。企业资源配置效率在经济发展的四个阶段的主要衡量指标是：要素驱动阶段表现为劳动生产率；投资驱动阶段表现为资本生产率；创新驱动阶段表现为技术进步率；财富驱动阶段表现为全要素生产率。企业竞争力决定机制可以通过企业资源规划(enterprise resource planning,ERP)模型显现出来。

我们再来分析区域政府竞争的目标函数、指标函数与区域资源配置效率。区域政府竞争的目标函数是财政收入决定机制；区域政府竞争的指标函数是区域竞争力决定机制。区域资源配置效率在经济发展的四个阶段的主要衡量指标是：产业经济导向阶段表现为产业竞争力；城市经济导向阶段表现为投资增长率；创新经济导向阶段表现为科技进步贡献率；共享经济导向阶段表现为“三类九要素”作用力。区域竞争力决定机制可以通过区域资源配置(district resource planning, DRP)模型显现出来。

区域竞争力决定机制的全流程可用图0-3来表述。

我们由此可以引申研究区域人均国内生产总值和人均财政收入增长对区域经济增长的拉动作用和关系(目标函数角度)；也可以引申研究区域制度(政策)创新的变量在经济发展不同阶段中对人均国内生产总值和人均财政收入增速的影响(指标函数角度)。

我们可以从以下四个步骤来完成DRP模型：

(1)财政支出盈余与“三类九要素”的决定机制；

(2)综合测度和目标函数；

(3)在满足预算约束的条件下，区域政府通过调整三种财政支出的比例，使此综合测度最大化；

(4)设定区域政府绩效评估体系。¹、²

笔者经过认真研究，认为核心观点是，市场经济发展存在双重驱动力。在经济发展的四个阶段进程中，区域资源配置效率与企业资源配置效率存在四种“叠加”方式。即在一国宏观经济、市场经济的发展进程中，中观经济的区域政府行为与微观经济的企业行为将产生四种组合：组合一，区域资源配置效率与企业资源配置效率的正正叠加；组合二，区域资源配置效率与企业资源配置效率的正负叠加；组合三，区域资源配置效率与企业资源配置效率的负正叠加；组合四，区域资源配置效率与企业资源配置效率的负负叠加，如图0-4所示。

一国经济可持续高质量发展的目标应该是区域资源配置效率与企业资源配置效率的正正叠加。也就是说，应该由市场决定资源配置，更好地发挥区域政府与企业双轮驱动的作用。

至此，笔者得出如下结论。

(1)区域政府是中观经济市场主体。

(2)市场经济存在双重主体发生作用。

(3)区域政府竞争与企业竞争具有联系，更有本质区别。

(4)有为政府需要进行科学的超前引领。

(5)一国经济增长需要宏观、中观、微观经济活动保持协调性。

(6)世界各国经济增长需要新引擎。

The author believes that a complete market system must include two fundamental aspects:the supply side and the demand side.

The former is mainly involved in increment and structure issues, and price seeking and pricing issues, while the latter is mainly involved in inventory and scale issues, and fairness and competition issues.

Regional government is the main actor on the supply side of a region, while enterprises and individuals are the main actors on the demand side of a region.

Fiscal policy mainly functions on the supply side, while monetary policy mainly on the demand side.

Let′s first analyze objective function, indicator function, and enterprise resource allocation efficiency in terms of enterprise competition. The objective function and the indicator function of enterprise competition is the price determination mechanism and the enterprise competitiveness determination mechanism separately. The key indicators for measuring enterprise resource allocation efficiency in the four stages of economic development include labor productivity in the factor-driven stage, capital productivity in the investment-driven stage, technological progress rate in the innovation-driven stage, and total factor productivity in the wealth-driven stage. The enterprise competitiveness determination mechanism can be demonstrated by the enterprise resource planning (ERP) model.

Let′s move on to objective function, indicator function, and regional resource allocation efficiency in terms of regional government competition. The objective function and the indicator function of regional government competition is the fiscal revenue determination mechanism and the regional competitiveness determination mechanism respectively. The key indicators for measuring regional resource allocation efficiency in the four stages of economic development include industrial competitiveness in the stage of developing industrial economy, investment growth rate in the stage of developing urban economy, contribution rate of technological progress in the stage of developing innovative economy, and the effects of regional government in “9-in-3” Competition in the stage of developing shared economy. The regional competitiveness determination mechanism can be demonstrated by the district resource planning (DRP) model.

The entire process of the regional competitiveness determination mechanism is shown in Figure 0-3.

On this basis, we can study the driving effect of per capita GDP and per capita fiscal revenue growth on regional economic growth and their relationship from the perspective of the objective function, or the influence of variables in regional institutional (policy) innovation on the growth of per capita GDP and per capita fiscal revenue at different stages of economic development from the perspective of the indicator function.

We can complete the DRP model in the following four steps.

(1) The determination mechanism for fiscal surplus and “Nine Factors in Three Categories”.

(2) Comprehensive measure and objective function.

(3) In the case of limited budget, a regional government may maximize the comprehensive measure by adjusting the proportions of three types of fiscal expenditures.

(4) Establish a performance evaluation system for regional government.

After thorough studies, the author′s core viewpoint is that there are dual drives for the market economy to develop. In the four stages of economic development, there are four“combinations” of regional resource allocation efficiency and enterprise resource allocation efficiency. In other words, in the development process of a country′s macroeconomy and market economy, there will be four combinations of mezzoeconomic regional government behavior and microeconomic enterprise behavior. Combination 1: positive regional resource allocation efficiency plus positive enterprise resource allocation efficiency; combination 2:positive regional resource allocation efficiency plus negative enterprise resource allocation efficiency; combination 3: negative regional resource allocation efficiency plus positive enterprise resource allocation efficiency; combination 4: negative regional resource allocation efficiency plus negative enterprise resource allocation efficiency. See Figure 0-4 for details.

To achieve the goal of sustainable and high-quality economic development, a country should have positive regional resource allocation efficiency plus positive enterprise resource allocation efficiency. That is to say, the country should allow the market to determine resource allocation and better leverage the dual drives of regional government and enterprise.

Based on the foregoing, the following conclusions can be drawn:

(1) regional government is the market entity of mezzoeconomy;

(2) there are dual entities of market economy;

(3) regional government competition and enterprise competition are correlated on one hand and different in essence on the other hand;

(4) an effective government should achieve scientific foresighted leading;

(5) coordinated macro, mezzo and microeconomic activities are required by a country′s economic growth;

(6) the economic growth of countries around the world requires a new engine.

1 覃征鹏、郭东霓、朱朝贵等：《对标最优 顺德发布高质量发展指标体系》《，佛山日报》2019年9月24日。

2 江琳：《用好考核指挥棒 树立正确政绩观——解读〈关于改进推动高质量发展的政绩考核的通知〉》,《人民日报》2021年1月19日。