导言 区域政府是中观经济市场主体
Introduction Regional Government Is a Market Entity of Mezzoeconomy

基于对中国改革开放成功经验的思考和对世界市场经济理论改革创新的探索，笔者从经济学鼻祖斯密的第三本书《政府与法律论》入手分析，得出“企业是微观经济市场主体，区域政府是中观经济市场主体”的结论。

1759年，斯密的第一本书《道德情操论》问世，该书从分析个人行为取向的角度提出，一个人的“自我心”与对他人的“同理心”的融合，形成了一只看不见的手推动个人在社会中的生存与发展。1776年，斯密的第二本书《国富论》问世，该书从分析企业行为取向的角度提出，一个企业的“利己性”与商品生产的“利他性”的融合，形成了一只看不见的手推动企业在市场经济中的生存与发展。1777—1790年，斯密力图研撰第三本书《政府与法律论》¹，该书从分析国家政府行为取向的角度，探讨一国政府的经济基本职能与政府管理行为特征，从而试图揭示国家经济发展的内在动力、国家与国家之间的内在牵制力。斯密试图分析国家与国家之间将可能在哪些经济领域展开竞争，又将靠什么规则来相互协调。然而，沿着这一研究思路得出的国家政府与市场的关系，将完全颠覆与推翻他在《国富论》中对政府作为守夜人的角色的定位。因此，斯密陷入了难以自拔的矛盾之中。最终，他的第三本书夭折 ²。

于是，世界经济学说史，沿革1776年《国富论》的几个基本结论延续至今。第一，市场经济聚焦在产业经济与产业资源上；第二，在产业经济中，政府是守夜人的角色；第三，企业是市场经济主体。然而，笔者的研究认为，企业是市场经济主体，但它只是微观经济市场主体。

In view of China′s successful experience in reform and opening-up and the reform and innovation in the world market economy theory, the author draws the conclusion that enterprises and regional governments are market entities in microeconomy and mezzoeconomy respectively after analyzing the third book of Smith: On Government and Law. Smith is the founder of economics.

In 1759, The Theory of Moral Sentiments by Smith, representing his first book, was published. In this book, he analyzed the orientation of individual behavior and proposed that an individual′s “selfinterest” and “sympathy” for others were combined as an invisible hand that promoted his survival and development in society. In 1776, his second book, The Wealth of Nations, was published, in which he analyzed the orientation of corporate behavior and proposed that the “selfishness” of a corporation and the “altruism” of commodity production were combined as an invisible hand that promoted the survival and development of the corporation in the market economy. From 1777 to 1790, Smith attempted to complete his third book, On Government and Law, in which he analyzed the orientation of state government behavior and tried to reveal the intrinsic drivers of economic development in a country and the intrinsic balance between states by discussing the basic economic functions and administrative characteristics of the government. Smith attempted to identify the economic fields where states would be likely to compete with each other and the rules that they would rely on for coordination and maintain together. Pitifully, the relationship between the state government and the market that he would ultimately conclude if he continued his research would completely undermine and overturn his claim that the government serves as a night watchman in The Wealth of Nations. Smith was caught in an inextricable paradox, and his third book eventually fell through.

Then, the history of world economics has continued to this day thanks to the several basic conclusions drawn in The Wealth of Nations in 1776. First, the market economy focuses on the industrial economy and industrial resources; second, the government serves as a night watchman in the industrial economy; third, enterprises are entities in the market economy. However, the author argues that enterprises are entities in the market economy, but only in the microeconomic dimension.

1 陈云贤：《经济新引擎：兼论有为政府与有效市场》，外语教学与研究出版社， 2019，第13—19页。

2 详见本书第二章内容。