一、区域政府之间存在“三类九要素”竞争
I.“9-in-3” Competition Among Regional Governments

微观经济学的研究主体主要是单个经济生产单位(企业)的经济行为及其后果；研究对象是资源稀缺条件下的资源配置问题；研究焦点是其主要经济变量中的价格决定机制。微观经济学的研究内容及其展开形成了系列理论。学习微观经济学有利于了解和把握微观经济运行规律，有效实施企业管理、改革和创新。

宏观经济学的研究主体主要是社会经济总过程的活动单位(国家)的经济行为及其后果；研究对象是一国资源配置优化中的资源利用问题；研究焦点是其经济增长变量中的国民收入决定及其运行机制。宏观经济学的研究内容及其展开形成了相关核心指标、增长与波动模型、调节与管理理论、国际市场理论等。学习宏观经济学有利于了解和把握宏观经济运行规律，有效实施宏观管理、改革和创新。

中观经济学的研究主体主要是区域经济发展单位(区域政府)的经济行为及其后果；研究对象是资源生成基础上的资源配置问题；研究焦点是影响区域政府竞争的主要经济变量，即区域财政收入决定机制与财政支出结构。中观经济学的研究内容及其展开形成了资源生成理论、政府双重属性理论、区域政府竞争理论、四阶段资源配置理论、政府超前引领理论、经济新引擎理论、市场竞争双重主体理论和成熟市场经济“双强机制”理论等。学习中观经济学有利于了解和把握中观经济运行规律，确立科学的执政理念，制定科学的执政行为准则，优化政策工具选择，推动经济可持续发展。

笔者认为，区域政府之间在中观经济领域存在“三类九要素”竞争 ³。

第一类是区域经济发展水平，它包括①项目竞争；②产业链配套竞争；③进出口竞争。

第二类是区域经济政策措施，它包括④基础设施竞争；⑤人才、科技竞争；⑥财政、金融竞争。

第三类是区域经济管理效率，它包括⑦政策体系效率竞争；⑧环境体系效率竞争；⑨管理体系效率竞争。

其中，区域政府竞争的目标函数是财政收入决定机制，区域政府竞争的指标函数是区域竞争力决定机制。区域政府竞争的目标函数和指标函数的核心影响因素和关键支持条件主要来自“三类九要素”竞争。

在中观经济领域，区域政府之间存在狭义的竞争和广义的竞争。狭义的区域政府竞争主要体现在区域政府对“准经营性资源”，即对城市基础设施建设及其政策配套与落实的竞争，其实质是在区域公共投资性支出决定方面的竞争。广义的区域政府竞争，包括对可经营性资源(产业经济)、非经营性资源(民生经济)和准经营性资源(城市经济)的竞争，其实质是区域政府在产业发展、城市建设、社会民生中目标函数和指标函数方面的竞争，即区域财政收入决定机制和区域竞争力决定机制方面的竞争。

Microeconomics researchers basically study the economic behavior of an individual economic production unit (enterprise) and its consequences by analyzing resource allocation in the context of resource scarcity. During their research, they focus on the price determination mechanism among main economic variables. Finally, the research results and its development constitute a series of theories. By studying microeconomics, students are expected to understand and grasp the laws of microeconomic operation, so as to effectively implement management, reform and innovation in enterprises.

Differently, macroeconomics researchers basically study the economic behavior of the active unit (state) in the total socioeconomic process and its consequences by analyzing resource utilization in the context of resource allocation optimization in a country. During their research, they keep their eyes on the determination and operation mechanisms of national income among economic growth variables. On this basis, the relevant core indicators, theoretical models, growth and volatility trends, regulation and management approaches, international market theories, etc. can be drawn. By studying macroeconomics, students are expected to understand and grasp the laws of macroeconomic operation, so as to effectively practice macro management, reform and innovation.

Different from the foregoing two, mezzoeconomics researchers basically study the economic behavior of regional economic development units (regional governments) and its consequences by analyzing resource allocation on the basis of resource generation. During their research, they focus on the determination mechanism of regional fiscal revenue and the structural mechanism of fiscal expenditure. Finally, the research results and its development constitute the Resource Generation Theory, the Dual Government Attribute Theory, the Regional Government Competition Theory, the Four-stage Resource Allocation Theory, the Government Foresighted Leading Theory, the New Economic Engine Theory, the Dual-Entity of Market Competition Theory, the “Double Strong Forms” Theory in a mature market economy, etc. By studying mezzoeconomics, students are expected to understand and grasp the laws of mezzoeconomic operation, to build a scientific governance concept, to develop a scientific governing code of conduct and make a scientific choice of policy instruments, and to promote sustainable economic development.

The author argues that regional governments compete for “Nine Factors in Three Categories”(the “9-in-3” Competition) in the mezzoeconomic dimension.

The first category is the regional economic development level, including ①project competition; ②supporting industrial chain competition; ③import and export competition.

The second category is regional economic policies, including ④infrastructure competition;⑤talent and sci-tech competition; ⑥fiscal and financial competition.

The third category is the regional economic management efficiency, including ⑦policy system competition; ⑧environmental system competition; ⑨management system competition.

In this framework, the objective function and the indicator function of regional government competition are the fiscal revenue determination mechanism and the regional competitiveness determination mechanism, respectively. The core influencing factors and key supporting conditions for these two functions are basically derived from the “9-in-3”Competition.

In the mezzoeconomy, regional government competition can be defined in narrow and broad senses. Regional government competition in the narrow sense is mainly manifested in the competition of regional governments for “quasi-operative resources”, namely, urban infrastructure construction and the establishment and implementation of related policy support. Specifically, competition in this sense mainly occurs in urban infrastructure, and is essentially the competition in the determination of regional fiscal investment expenditure. Differently, regional government competition in the broad sense includes competition for operative resources (industrial economy), non-operative resources (livelihood economy) and quasi-operative resources (urban economy); it is essentially the competition among regional governments for the objective functions and indicator functions of industrial development, urban construction and social livelihood, namely, the competition of regional fiscal revenue determination and regional competitiveness determination.

3 详见本书第三章内容。